Fig. 2: Decoupling detection of Joule and TE signals from TL by SThM.
From: Direct observation of hot-electron-enhanced thermoelectric effects in silicon nanodevices
a–c 2D images of Joule heating under AC voltages (sinusoidal wave) varying from 6 to 10 V, which are demodulated at the second harmonic. d–f 2D images of thermoelectric (TE) cooling/heating under AC voltages (square wave) varying from 6 to 10 V with same polarity, and are demodulated at the first harmonic (see Supplementary Note 4). g Phase (Φ) image of TE signal under the same bias condition with f directly shows the abrupt 180° change at the middle of constriction. h 2D image of TE cooling/heating at opposite bias polarity of f. The color scales of Joule and TE maps are intentionally adjusted to show the evolution of signals with the voltages. All scale bars are 400 nm.
