Fig. 3: Atlantic ventilation compilation coupled with circulation changes since the last ice age.
a Greenland Ice Core from the NGRIP δ18O68. b South Atlantic B-atm ages at water depth of 3.8 km5,37, where the shaded area indicates the maximum/minimum range of B-atm offsets. c Coral-derived B-atm ages in the Equatorial Atlantic11. d B-atm ages at the Iberian Margin (data of Site SHAK06-5K (2.6 km, pink) and Site MD99-2334 (3.1 km, sky blue)51. The data for Site MD99-2334 (3.1 km, brown) were also reported previously5,40. The shaded area indicates the maximum/minimum range of B-atm offsets at site MD99-2334. e B-atm ages (coral-derived data, orange diamonds; benthic foram-derived data, light green diamonds) from the northwest Atlantic seamounts at water depths ranging 1.1–4.6 km39. f B-atm ages of the high-latitude North Atlantic at 2.8–3.9 km (three sites in this study). The anomalous 14C values of benthic foraminifera are indicated by question marks. In term of the overall Atlantic ventilation compilation, we assembled our data from three sites to represent the situation of the high-latitude deep North Atlantic. g B-atm ages of the south Iceland Rise at depth of 1.2–2.3 km3. h, B-atm ages of the Arctic Mediterranean at a water depth of 2.7 km43. i 231Pa/230Th and εNd proxies showed variations of the AMOC and NADW, respectively. The orange lines indicate 231Pa/230Th data17,44, and the grey lines indicate εNd data45,46 measured at Bermuda Rise. All of the above have an associated 1σ-uncertainty.
