Fig. 2: Theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental optimization of parameters for laser cutting of nanoparticle-encased water pancakes.

a Schematic diagram of LCNEWP. b Theoretical model of liquid flow during laser cutting. c Simulation of temperature of the SiO₂ nanoparticles around the laser spot after exposure to the laser. d Simulation of water shape evolution and temperature distribution during laser cutting, the initial thicknesses of the water in water pancake are 0.25 mm and 1.00 mm, respectively. e Variation of NEWP top view area with volume of water being pumped out (with an initial water volume of 25 mL). Data of distinct samples are presented as mean ± s.d. n = 3. f Effect of NEWP thickness and laser power on the outcome of LCNEWP. Brown symbols and background represent values at which the NEWP can be cut through by the laser. Blue symbols and background represent values at which the NEWP cannot be cut through by the laser. g Effect of NEWP thickness and cutting speed on slit width. Data of distinct samples are presented as mean ± s.d. n = 3. Insert image is the optical microscopic photograph of LCNEWP.