Fig. 3: Finite element analysis of rabbit L5-L6 lumbar disc with native NP, PGD NP and HA NP.

a Anatomical structure of rabbit’s L5-L6 lumbar vertebral based on Micro-CT images. b Boundary conditions and meshed elements of L5-L6 disc model. c–e Finite element models of native intact disc (c), disc implanted with PGD NP scaffold (d), and disc implanted with HA NP scaffold (e). f Mises stress, pressure, and deformation of NP and AF in the above mention models under compression. g–i The comparation of maximum Mises stress (g), pressure (h), and deformation (i) of NP and AF under compression.