Fig. 6: Histological paraffin sections images and evaluation of disc degeneration after 8, 16 weeks implantation.

a HE, Masson and Alcian blue stained images of native intact disc, NP injury disc, and disc implanted with above mentioned four NP scaffolds in the coronal plane at 8 and 16 weeks. Blue dotted circle represents PGD scaffold in NP. Black dotted box indicates areas of osteophyte generated. Red dotted lines represent outline of AF in disc. b, c Histological scores of disc degeneration for native intact disc, NP injury disc and four experimental groups at 8 weeks (b)(n = 4) and 16 weeks (c)(n = 4), the data are presented as mean values ± SD. Transverse lines indicate statistical differences between the two groups determined by the two-tailed t-test (P < 0.05), and the exact P-values are listed in the Supplementary Data 3.