Fig. 1: Recall of observational contextual fear conditioning memory (observational CFC; Obs CFC; OCFC).

Obs observer, Dem demonstrator, d, Day. a, b Recall of observational CFC memory in observer chamber with transparent partition. –; non-shock group. c, d Correlation of observer freezing levels during observational CFC with freezing levels during recall of observational CFC memory in observer chamber at the recent (c) or remote (d) time points. e Time course of observer freezing levels during recall of observational CFC memory in observer chamber at the recent or remote time points. min; minute. f, g Recall of observational CFC memory in observer chamber with opaque partition. h, i Recall of observational CFC memory in demonstrator chamber. j, k Recall of observational CFC memory in a novel context. l, m Recall of observational CFC memory in a novel context that preserves the view of the observer chamber. n Chamber preference after observational CFC. o, p (Left) Observer freezing levels in the observer or demonstrator chambers at the recent (o) or remote (p) time point. (Right) Effect of observational CFC on chamber preference at recent (o) or remote (p) time points. Dotted line; equal chamber preference (0 s). Two-way between-subjects ANOVA with Bonferroni test (b, g, i, o, p), two-tailed Pearson’s correlation coefficient (c, d), two-way mixed ANOVA (e), unpaired t tests (k, o, p), and Mann–Whitney U-test (m) were performed. *P < 0.05, bars without asterisks did not reach significance (P > 0.05). Graphs are presented as boxplots with minimum (lower whisker), 25th percentile (lower box bound), median (center), 75th percentile (upper box bound), and maximum (upper whisker) values indicated, except for (c, d), which are presented as correlations, and (e), which is presented as line graphs with data presented as mean values +/− SEM. Gray bar; non-shock group. Yellow bar; observational CFC group. For a complete description of statistics for this and all subsequent figures, please see Supplemental Table 1. Source data are provided as a Source data file.