Fig. 4: The virus-sharing network of bats.

a The virus-sharing network reveals connectivity among viromes of different bat taxa. Viruses of concern and putative cross-species transmissions are shown in different colors. Two network modules (subnets) were detected with a network betweenness-based criterion and are visualized by colored areas. The relationship between the number of shared viruses with phylogenetic (b) or geographic distance (c) between pairs of host individuals. Phylogenetic distance is calculated as the sum of phylogenetic tree branch length between a pair of hosts, and the tree was estimated with nucleotide sequences of the COI gene employing a maximum likelihood method. The line and blue area mark the estimated partial effect and standard error of phylogenetic or geographic distance by Poisson regression. Blue shaded areas indicate 95% CI. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.