Fig. 4: Polar configurations computed by effective Hamiltonian calculations.
From: Ferroelectric solitons crafted in epitaxial bismuth ferrite superlattices
a Polar structure (arrows) of a BiFeO3 thin film supercell after relaxation from a 109° domain structure under −2.9% epitaxial strain at 10 K. The x-z plane is shown along with the top and bottom most layers of the film. b Distribution of the Pontryagin’s charge density (colored plaquettes) along with the normalized dipoles (arrows) for the polar distribution shown in (a).
