Table 7 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of lifestyle factors with any DR and VTDR

From: Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy in adults with diabetes in China

Independent variables

Any DR

Any DR

OR (95% CI)a

pa

Non-VTDR

VTDR

OR (95% CI)a

pa

OR (95% CI)a

pa

Physical activity, MET min/week

  ≥600 vs <600

0.88 (0.77–0.99)

0.0375

0.88 (0.76–1.02)

0.0896

0.87 (0.73–1.03)

0.1023

Dietary intakeb

  Refined grains, g/day

    >450 vs ≤450

1.06 (0.97–1.16)

0.2040

1.11 (1.01–1.22)

0.0213

0.85 (0.69–1.06)

0.1405

  Whole grains, g/day

    >50 vs ≤50

1.03 (0.94–1.13)

0.4674

1.02 (0.93–1.13)

0.6167

1.08 (0.91–1.28)

0.3602

  Potatoes, g/day

    >31 vs ≤31

0.86 (0.79–0.94)

0.0003

0.84 (0.78–0.91)

<0.0001

0.94 (0.77–1.14)

0.5201

  Soybean products, g/day

    >30 vs ≤30

1.00 (0.89–1.12)

0.9837

1.00 (0.90–1.12)

0.9440

0.99 (0.79–1.26)

0.9557

  Fresh vegetables, g/day

    >500 vs ≤500

1.12 (1.00–1.25)

0.0570

1.11 (0.98–1.26)

0.0966

1.14 (0.95–1.37)

0.1631

  Fresh fruits, g/day

    >100 vs ≤100

0.85 (0.77–0.95)

0.0039

0.87 (0.77–0.99)

0.0255

0.77 (0.63–0.95)

0.0113

  Dairy products, ml/day

    >100 vs ≤100

0.93 (0.86–1.00)

0.0594

0.90 (0.84–0.98)

0.0121

1.03 (0.85–1.26)

0.7447

  Red meat, g/day

    >100 vs ≤100

1.09 (0.97–1.21)

0.1345

1.10 (0.98–1.22)

0.0950

1.04 (0.85–1.27)

0.7089

  Poultry, g/day

    >15 vs ≤15

0.95 (0.86–1.05)

0.2885

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

0.6729

0.82 (0.64–1.05)

0.1133

  Seafood, g/day

   >26 vs ≤26

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

0.3175

0.96 (0.85–1.08)

0.4893

0.89 (0.75–1.05)

0.1679

  Eggs, g/day

    >50 vs ≤50

0.98 (0.89–1.07)

0.6114

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

0.3374

1.06 (0.85–1.30)

0.6100

  Nuts

    Yes vs no

0.94 (0.85–1.05)

0.2805

0.96 (0.86–1.07)

0.4297

0.89 (0.75–1.05)

0.1522

  Fresh juices

    Yes vs no

0.93 (0.76–1.12)

0.4158

0.89 (0.73–1.08)

0.2365

1.09 (0.73–1.62)

0.6614

  1. Any DR any diabetic retinopathy. VTDR vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy. HbA1c hemoglobin A1c. BP blood pressure. LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. MET metabolic equivalent. OR odds ratio. CI confidence interval.
  2. aThe binary or multinomial surveylogistic regression (for two-sided test) was applied to calculate OR (95% CIs) and p value, respectively when the dependent variables were the presence or absence of any DR or the severity of DR (absence of any DR, presence of non-VTDR, and presence of VTDR). Reference category was no DR. In the models, the independent variables were simultaneously included with the entered method as follows: the independent variables presented in Tables 6 and 7, body-mass index, smoking and drinking status, use of glucose-lowering treatment, antihypertensive treatment, lipid-lowering treatment, and attainment of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides.
  3. bThe consumption values of 13 food groups were categorical variables. The integer quartile cutoffs of consumption of the 11 food groups (refined grains, whole grains, potatoes, soybean products, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, dairy products, red meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs) were selected to define high or low consumption. For nuts and fresh juices, consumption or non-consumption was defined.
  4. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Back to article page