Fig. 1: Fabrication and characterization of HM-NPs@G, Gboxin loading and controlled release.
a Fabrication of cancer cell-mitochondria hybrid membrane camouflaged Gboxin encapsulated ROS-responsive polymeric nanoparticles (HM-NPs@G). b Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of HM-NPs@G. Scale bar = 50 nm. The TEM images were representative data from three independent experiments. c CLSM images of fabricated hybrid membrane (HM) vesicles. Mitochondrial membranes (MM) were labeled with DiO (green) and cancer cell membranes (CM) were labeled with DiD (red). The merged image showed yellow fluorescence with similar morphology to MM and CM confirming the successful fabrication of HM vesicles. Scale bar = 20 μm. The CLSM images were representative data from three independent experiments. d Western blotting analysis cancer membrane and mitochondria membrane special targeting related proteins. i: HM-NPs (X01), ii: HM-NPs (U87MG), iii: NPs, iv: MM, v: CM (X01), vi: CM (U87MG). The immunoblots were representative data from three independent experiments. e Molecular electrostatic potential mapping (MEP, C atoms are grey, N atoms are blue, O atoms are red, S atoms are pink, F atoms are light-blue and H atoms are white) of the four polymers PEG-PHB, PEG-PGPMA, PEG-P(FPMA)C and PEG-P(FPMA)l) with Gboxin where the color changes from red to blue (red represents negative electrostatic potential and blue represents positive electrostatic potential) showing Gboxin loading via electrostatic interaction. f Size distribution of NPs@G and HM camouflaged HM-NPs@G. The size analysis was representative data from three independent experiments. g Zeta potential of NPs@G and HM-NPs@G determined by dynamic light scattering. The Zeta analysis was representative data from three independent experiments. h Cumulative Gboxin release as well as (i) the change in size and PDI of HM-NPs@G in phosphate buffer (PB) containing H2O2 (0.1 mM and 1 mM) at 37 °C, PB without H2O2 was used as a control. The drug release and change in size and PDI analyses were representative data from three independent experiments. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
