Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population stratified into (i) participants who had sustained stabilization of beta-cell function for 2 years and (ii) those who did not

Age (years)

56.9 (16.6)

61.2 (18.0)

0.22

Sex (% male)

19 (43)

33 (60)

0.14

Ethnicity:

0.89

    White n(%)

32 (73)

41 (75)

    South Asian n(%)

5 (11)

8 (15)

    East Asian n(%)

4 (9)

3 (5)

    Other n(%)

3 (7)

3 (5)

Duration of diabetes (years)

1.4 (1.3)

1.9 (1.5)

0.08

Metformin monotherapy prior to study n(%)

28 (64)

33 (60)

0.87

Total physical activity:

7.5 (1.4)

7.1 (1.2)

0.22

    Sport index

2.4 (0.7)

2.3 (0.7)

0.41

    Leisure time index

2.6 (0.6)

2.6 (0.6)

0.60

    Work index

2.5 (0.7)

2.4 (0.6)

0.56

Body mass index (kg/m²)

34.2 (7.8)

33.4 (6.7)

0.59

Waist circumference (cm)

107.4 (12.0)

107.6 (15.0)

0.94

ALT (IU/l)

29 (14)

36 (18)

0.05

Creatinine (μmol/l)

70 (14)

74 (16)

0.27

Glycemia:

    Fasting glucose (mmol/l)

6.9 (1.1)

7.9 (1.6)

0.0003

    2 h glucose (mmol/l)

13.2 (3.7)

14.9 (3.4)

0.02

    A1c (%)

6.4 (0.5)

6.7 (0.7)

0.02

Insulin sensitivity/resistance:

    Matsuda index

1.9 (1.3–2.7)

1.6 (1.4–2.1)

0.35

    HOMA-IR

4.8 (2.9–7.3)

5.9 (4.5–7.9)

0.11

Beta-cell function:

    ISSI-2

191 (145–261)

141 (95–205)

0.004

    Insulinogenic index/HOMA-IR

1.5 (1.0–2.4)

1.1 (0.6–1.8)

0.04

    ΔCpeptide_0-120/Δgluc_0-120 × Matsuda index

855 (417–1583)

519 (342–969)

0.02

    ΔISR_0-120/Δgluc_0-120 × Matsuda index

3.2 (1.4–6.1)

1.8 (1.0–3.6)

0.03