Fig. 5: Pulse radiolysis measurement in CO2-saturated 0.1 M formate solution in the absence and presence of various catalysts.

a Schematic diagram of CO2 reduction with 0.25 mg/mL CuNi SAs/UiO-66(Hf) catalyst. b 3D stereographs of transient absorption spectra at different time in UiO-66(Hf) dispersion. c, d Transient absorption kinetic traces at 520 nm (c) and 360 nm57 (d). e Transient absorption spectrum at 600 ns. f Transient absorption spectrum at 60 µs. g, h Transient absorption kinetic traces at 390 nm (g) and 500 nm (h). Source data are provided as a Source data file.