Fig. 2: Q5 multi-proxy records.

a δDfi, error bars are the standard deviation (1 SD) of the reproducibility of crushed speleothem samples; b Δ'17O, error bars are the standard deviation (1 SD); c Relative humidity calculated by Q5 Δ'17O data, error bars are the standard deviation (1 SD); d δ18Oc; e δ13C; f (234U/238U)0; g Mg/Ca; h Sr/Ca; and i Ba/Ca. The top yellow and blue banners show the monsoon systems prevailed at the cave site, with ISM stands for Indian summer monsoon, and NASM stands for North African summer monsoon. The Holocene Humid Period is from 10.5 to 6 ka BP, coinciding with the intensified NASM and ISM49. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.