Fig. 3: Photothermal properties and photothermal-induced biomimetic nanovesicle secretion of the bubble machine.

a Thermal images and temperature increase curve of (1). PBS, (2). AuNC, (3). AuNC-PO₂-Hb, (4). CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb and (5). ICG@CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb under 808 nm laser irradiation (1 W cm⁻²). The embedded figures were represented the final temperature infrared thermal images of different preparations. b Photostability of ICG@CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb. c O₂ concentration after addition of ICG@CCM-AuNC or ICG@CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb into the deoxygenated water with or without NIR irradiation (808 nm, 1 W cm⁻²). (1) ICG@CCM-AuNC, (2) ICG@CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb, (3) ICG@CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb + NIR. d–g Nanoparticle number of ICG@CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb group in different size ranges after laser irradiation (none, 0.5 W cm⁻², 1.5 W cm⁻²) obtained from ZetaViewer (n  =  3 independent samples). Data are presented as means ± SD. h TEM images of ICG@CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb after NIR irradiation (808 nm, 0.5 W cm⁻²) for 1.5 min, scale bar = 100 nm. i Illustration of the set-up for N-STORM and N-SIM measurements. j N-STORM images of ICG@CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb obtained by super-resolution fluorescence microscopy before and after NIR irradiation (0.5 W cm⁻², 5 min), scale bar = 200 nm. N-SIM images of k ICG@CCM-AuNC-PO₂-Hb and l ICG@CCM-AuNC during laser irradiation (808 nm, 0.5 W cm⁻²), scale bar = 1 μm. Experiments were performed three times (h, j–l), with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.