Fig. 5: Various integrated ionotronic sensors.
a Design and principle of the integrated tensile and compressive sensor. Capacitance meter C1 measures compression and capacitance meter C2 measures tension. b Snapshot image of a printed sensor. c Equivalent circuit diagram of the sensor. d ΔC/C0 of C1 and C2 when the compressive unit or the tensile unit is activated. The error bars represent standard deviations. Responses of the sensor subjected to 10 cycles of (e) compression, and (f) tension with various strains as indicated. g The signal maps of C1 and C2 under the combined deformation of compression and tension. h Design and principle of the integrated compressive and shear sensor. Capacitance meter C3 measures compression and capacitance meter C4 measures shear. i Snapshot images of a printed sensor. (j) Equivalent circuit diagram of the sensor. k ΔC/C0 of C3 and C4 when the compressive unit or the shear unit is activated. l Design and principle of the integrated torsional and compressive sensor. Capacitance meter C5 measures compression and capacitance meter C6 measures torsion. m Snapshot image of a printed sensor. n Equivalent circuit diagram of the sensor. o ΔC/C0 of C5 and C6 when the compressive unit or the torsional unit is activated. The error bars represent standard deviations.
