Fig. 3: Change from baseline (pre/post) for individual metabolites.

a Mean change in pre/post abundance for each metabolite based on HE grade for peripheral or hepatic vein samples. Features are ordered in ascending order for HE grade “0” group. b Density plot of the change pre/post in metabolite abundances of each participant based on HE grade. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test peripheral: 0 vs 2+, P = 1.3e−13; 0 vs 1, P = 1.0e−03; 1 vs 2+, P = 2.4e−09; hepatic: 0 vs 2+, P = 5.7e−08; 0 vs 1, P = 0.08; 1 vs 2+, P = 2.2e−16. Change pre/post TIPS for bile acids (peripheral and hepatic vein samples) (c) and glycerophosphocholines (peripheral samples) (d) between participants based on their HE grade (0, 1, or 2+). Change pre/post is defined as the log10(abundancepost/abundancepre) for each participant’s metabolites. HE grade: 0 = none (green); 1 = mild (blue); 2+ = severe (red). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.