Fig. 4: 2SLS estimates of the impact of groundnut adoption on commercialization.

This figure displays coefficients along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals as error bars. Panel A shows the impacts of adoption of climate-resilient groundnut varieties on market participation, panel B shows the impacts on the quantity of groundnut sold, and panel C the sales value of the groundnut sold. The coefficients are estimated using the two-stage least squares regression approach with N = 8604 observations. The presence of an asterisk (*) above a coefficient indicates that the coefficient is statistically different from zero at a predetermined level of significance (***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1). Statistical tests are two-sided t-tests. Full models are reported in Tables S6 and S7 in the supplementary information. The models are estimated with additional controls such as age and education level of the household head, dependency ratio, gender of the household head, household size, cooperative membership, training, access to public and private extension, access to both cash and in-kind credit, distance to nearest urban and village market, crop rotation, mixed cropping, labor, market price, input costs, area of cultivation, off-farm income, and soil type. Source data are provided as a Source data file.