Fig. 6: Cross-country analysis of the relationship between adoption, production, consumption, and commercialization.

This figure displays coefficients along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals as error bars. Panel A shows the cross-country heterogeneity impacts of climate-resilient groundnut varieties on yields, panel B shows the heterogeneity impacts on consumption per country, and panel C shows the impacts on quantity of groundnut sold per Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria. The coefficients are estimated using the two-stage least squares regression approach with N = 8604 observations. The presence of an asterisk (*) above a coefficient indicates that the coefficient is statistically different from zero at a predetermined level of significance (***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1). Statistical tests are two-sided t-tests. Full models are reported in Table S10 in the supplementary information. The models are estimated with additional controls such as age and education level of the household head, dependency ratio, gender of the household head, household size, cooperative membership, training, access to public and private extension, access to both cash and in-kind credit, distance to nearest urban and village market, crop rotation, mixed cropping, labor, market price, input costs, area of cultivation, off-farm income, and soil type. Source data are provided as a Source data file.