Fig. 2: Last interglacial temperature and marine records.
A Pollen reconstructed July temperatures (T) (Sokli, Finland) after ref. 12,19. B δ13C(Cibicidoides weullerstorfi) (red line) with 3 pt. moving median curve (black line)10 and Neogloboquadrina Pachyderma (s) coiling ratio (blue line) after ref. 37,38. (MD03-2664, North Atlantic). C Speleothem fluid inclusion (FI) derived temperatures (Schrattenkarst, Switzerland) after ref. 14. Calculated using various δ2H/°C calibrations: 0.65‰/°C (purple disks and red dashed line), 0.6‰/°C and 0.7‰/°C (purple dashed lines). Temperature error bars reflect isotope measurement errors, δ18O/annual air temperature slope error, and 1σ of repeated measurements. D Temperatures calculated using FI (red hexagons), speleothem δ13C (green triple-cross’s) and estimated CaCO3 saturation index (SI; orange diamonds) (Cesare Battisti Cave, Italy) after ref. 17. Temperature error bars consider measurement error, repeated measurement error, and model/calibration equation error. E Fluid inclusion δ2H derived T (cyan triangles and brown polygons for respective BAR-II#L and BAR-II#B speleothems) with 3 pt. moving median (black line) (Baradla, Hungary) after ref. 15,16. Temperature errors calculated from error propagation of analytical and δ2H/T gradient calibration uncertainties. Sample age uncertainty reflected by black error bar in the lower left. F Peqi’in TEX86 temperatures from discrete samples (green disks), accumulated samples (blue rectangles), a high methane index sample (grey diamond), and 2 pt. median running curve (red line). Temperature errors were estimated from repeated measurements of a speleothem standard and, for accumulated samples, error propagation. Also shown are clumped isotope (Δ47) temperatures from Soreq Cave speleothems (purple pentagons)29. The U-Th ages (± 2σ) for the Peqi’in PEK-9 speleothem are shown in the panel below (black disks). Yellow region highlights interval where cooling is evident in the temperature records.
