Fig. 3: Electrochemical reductive dechlorination performance.

a, b Concentration ratios of TCA and Cl^- ions during the 3-h electrolysis at GO, B₁₂, GO-B₁₂, and GO-B₁₂-GO electrodes. Reaction conditions: −0.29 V vs. NHE, pH = 7.0, carbon fiber paper working electrode. c Mass balance of chlorine elements, including TCA, DCA, MCA, and the released Cl⁻ ion. Error bars indicate standard deviations obtained from two independent measurements. d, e Apparent rate constants of TCA conversion (k₁) and DCA conversion (k₂). f Number of cobalt sites on GO-B₁₂-GO electrode. The blue column is the N_{cobalt site} required to achieve the experimental performance of GO-B₁₂-GO via calculations based on k₁ and k₂ of GO-B₁₂. The red column is the loaded N_{cobalt site} quantified by UV‒vis absorption spectroscopy_. g–i Schematic illustrations of the electrochemical performance of B₁₂, GO-B₁₂, and GO-B₁₂-GO electrodes.