Fig. 4: Mechanical binary neural network.

a Binary neuron model. b An equivalent mechanical binary neural model corresponding to a. Once the system receives a time signal, it executes the calculation below. c A binary neural network with an input, a hidden, and an output layer. d An equivalent mechanical binary neural network of c. e The mechanical binary neural network in the experiment. f Three typical computation steps when the mechanical binary neural network is used for judging the parity of input Morse code numbers. g The error evolution during the training process for a BNN to distinguish labeled images of handwritten digits.