Fig. 3: Recovery characteristics of (I.) smooth and (II.) rough primary particle gels.

a Shear recovery measurement of a ϕ = 0.25 smooth particle gel in the LVE region after fluidification at 100% oscillatory strain amplitude γ with the elastic modulus G' and the loss modulus G''. b–e Microstructure of smooth particle gel b after quiescent gelation, c after shearing at 0.01 s⁻¹, d after shearing at 1 s⁻¹, e after shearing at 100 s⁻¹. f Shear recovery measurement of a ϕ = 0.25 rough particle gel in the LVE region after fluidification at 100% oscillatory strain amplitude γ with the elastic modulus G' and the loss modulus G''. g–j Microstructure of rough particle gel g after quiescent gelation, h after shearing at 0.01 1 s⁻¹, i after shearing at 1 s⁻¹, j after shearing at 100 s⁻¹. All scale bars are 5 μm.