Fig. 4: Applications of rough particle systems.

I. Extrusion 3D-printing (a–h) a–c Printed 4-layer lattice structure with a smooth particle gel (cube is 1 × 1 × 1 cm), d same smooth particle gel structure after 30 min of aging, e–g printed 4-layer lattice structure with a rough particle gel (cube is 1 × 1 × 1 cm), h same rough particle structure after 30 min of aging. II. Xerogels (i–n) i, j SEM image of smooth particle gel (scale bar 1 μm), k image of the smooth particle gel on the left and rough particle gel on the right, l BET measurement for smooth and rough particle powder and gel, m, n SEM image of rough particle gel (scale bar 1 μm).