Fig. 5: Observed molecular mechanisms of extensive drug resistance (XDR) and pan-drug resistance (PDR) in invasive S. Typhimurium.

XDR in invasive S. Typhimurium presented as either caused by a plasmid carrying genetic markers for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) activity and azithromycin (AZI) resistance or by a plasmid carrying genetic markers for ESBL and fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance. PDR in invasive S. Typhimurium presented as either caused by a plasmid carrying XDR in an isolate carrying a SNP in a quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) or by a plasmid carrying resistance markers for ESBL, AZI and FQ. The plasmid type is annotated per the observed mechanism. The specific plasmids per isolate are listed in Table 2. *Described as part of ref. 10.