Fig. 7: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) hotspots for invasive S. Typhimurium in sub-Saharan Africa.

GPS locations are plotted for isolates showing IncHI2/IncI1 plasmid-mediated pan-drug resistance (PDR), extensively drug resistance (XDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) activity as well as locations with isolates presenting chromosomal quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) SNPs. Locations where plasmid-driven PDR, XDR or ESBL isolates co-circulate with chromosomal QRDR SNPs are annotated on the map, presenting a risk for increased AMR through plasmid transfer.