Fig. 4: Solar-fueled photoenzymatic reduction of nitroarenes into aromatic amino and azoxy compounds.

a Aromatic amine reaction conditions: sunlight, anaerobic (N2) 0.1 M MOPS buffer pH = 7 (10 mL), chlorophyll a (0.25 mM), nitroarene (15 mM, 10% DMSO), NAD+ (0.5 mM), glucose (50 mM), bmGDH (2 µM) and BaNTR1 (10 µM). b Reaction setup for solar-fueled photoenzymatic reduction of nitroarenes into aromatic amines. c Azoxy compound reaction conditions: sunlight, 0.1 M MOPS buffer pH = 7 (10 mL), chlorophyll (0.25 mM), nitroarene (15 mM, 10% DMSO), NAD+ (0.5 mM), glucose (50 mM), H2O2 (45 mM), bmGDH (2 µM) and BaNTR1 (10 µM). d Reaction setup for solar-fueled photoenzymatic reduction of nitroarenes into azoxy-aromatics. aThe numbers without brackets denote conversion; the conversion was determined by GC–MS (reaction time = 48 h). bThe numbers within brackets denote isolated yield; the isolated yield (reaction time = 48 h) was calculated after workup and purification. BaNTR1 nitroreductase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bmGDH glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium.