Fig. 3: Tradeoffs between antibiotic pollution risk and crop yield with increasing land system intensification.

Nonlinear relationships between risk–yield tradeoffs and land system intensification. The green and yellow lines are constraint lines of scaled crop yields and scaled antibiotic pollution risks (RQs) based on the scattered point clouds (see Methods). An example of the constraint lines and scattered point clouds is presented in Supplementary Fig. S8. The tradeoff (cyan lines) is defined as scaled yield minus scaled RQ, which represents that benefits for crop yield are higher than risks when the value is higher than zero (Supplementary Fig. 9). Land system intensification is estimated by summing the standardized scores of land use composition (i.e., proportion of arable land) and management (including manure application rate and irrigation area proportion) within a specific watershed. a Level 1 watershed. b Level 2 watershed. c Level 3 watershed. d Level 4 watershed.