Fig. 4: Practical disinfection applications.
From: Hydrodynamic tearing of bacteria on nanotips for sustainable water disinfection
a Schematic of the hydrodynamic-bactericidal mechanism for practical water disinfection (produced by Photoshop CC 2022). b Bacterial storage experiments under visible light for 24 h using three representative bacteria including Gram-negative E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Gram-positive S. aureus. The lines with hollow circles represent bacteria without treatment and the lines with solid circles represent bacteria after treatment. c Disinfection in real water samples including tap water and reclaimed water. d Influent and effluent bacterial concentrations during a 30-day field test. Inset shows optical images of the model flow-through disinfection apparatus. Each unit has an outer diameter of 90 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. The treating capacity is defined as the ratio of actual treated volume (Vwater) to the effective volume of the chambers (V0). e Bactericidal performance of the unmodified and modified ZnO nanorods, Co, Mn-LDH nanoneedles and titanate nanowires. Data are presented as mean ± SD with n = 3 independent experiments for (b, c, e), and n = 3 independent measurements for (d). # indicates below detection limit 1 CFU mL−1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
