Fig. 1: The phase-field simulation results of (1-x)BNKT-xSSN.

a Calculated microstructural evolutions under given fields with vector contours and phase distributions with symmetry contours. b Magnification into the microstructure evolution of the BNKT-20SSN ceramic at various temperatures. c Calculated P–E hysteresis loop and microstructure evolution of the BNKT-20SSN ceramic at 25 °C. Arrows capture the polarization magnitude and orientation.