Fig. 2: BYSMV infection increases feeding duration and food intake amounts of SBPHs.

a Typical electrical penetration graph (EPG) signals of insect feeding on barley plants, including non-penetration (Np), penetration (N1, N2, N3), phloem feeding (N4a and N4b), and xylem feeding (N5). b The representative EPG waveforms of mock buffer-treated SBPHs feeding on barley plants. c The representative EPG waveforms of viruliferous SBPHs feeding on barley plants. d Quantitative assessment of the feeding duration time of mock or viruliferous SBPHs in total 8 h. Error bars represent SEM (n = 6 biologically independent SBPHs). ***P < 0.001 (two-sided t test). e Diagrammatic illustration of the honeydew bioassay. Mock or BY-RFP-infected SBPHs (10 insects each) were incubated within an inverted transparent plastic cup over a filter paper (9 cm in diameter) around a healthy barley plant. After 2 d, the filter papers were stained with ninhydrin. f Mean areas of honeydew excretion by mock or BY-RFP-infected SBPHs. The areas of stained honeydew were calculated by the Image J software. Error bars represent SEM (n = 3 biologically independent experiments, 10 SBPHs per experiment). **P < 0.01 (two-sided t test). Source data are provided as the Source Data file.