Fig. 5: T cell markers of progression in MM.

A Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) of bone marrow cells from newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. All samples were stained with the same eight-color monoclonal antibody combination described in the panel, and processed using standardized protocols. Computational flow cytometry was used to cluster bone marrow cells and to subcluster lymphocytes. A total of 22 clusters and subclusters were identified, including CD27 negative and positive T cells. B Progression-free survival of 271 transplant-ineligible MM patients enrolled in the PETHEMA/GEM-CLARIDEX clinical trial, stratified according to values of CD27⁻: CD27⁺ ratio in T cells below vs equal or greater than the median value observed in the entire MM series (0.3). C Progression-free survival of 272 transplant-eligible MM patients enrolled in the PETHEMA/GEM2012MENOS65 clinical trial, stratified according to values of the CD27⁻: CD27⁺ ratio in T cells below vs equal or greater than the median value observed in the entire MM series (0.3). D Multivariate analysis of progression-free survival (PFS) considering established risk factors at diagnosis (i.e., International Staging System [ISS] 3, high-risk cytogenetics defined by the presence of t(4;14), t(14;16) and/or del(17p), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] levels) and the CD27⁻: CD27⁺ ratio in T cells from MM (n = 543) patients. Blue dots represent the hazard ratio and bars represent the 95% confidence interval. Hazard ratio and 95% CI were determined using the regression coefficient of the Cox model. E Boxplots representing the percentage of tumor cell killing after culture in a 3D organoid model of the bone marrow of MM patients (n = 3) treated or not with 1 µM lenalidomide, with or without an anti-HLA antibody. Center and error bars represent mean ± SEM. P values were calculated using a two-sided Student’s t test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.