Fig. 1: The crucial steps in a DNA-based tagging system.

The procedure may begin with application to a physical object. Most tangible items are suitable for DNA tagging, although the duration of DNA viability on their surface may depend on the item’s properties. The DNA tag has the potential to be integrated into the object’s structure, for instance, as a constituent of a polymer or pigment. The initial stage in verifying the presence of the tag on the tangible item is the extraction of DNA. The exact location of the tag on the object may be masked. However, it could also be marked by a particular label or dye (e.g., visible under UV light). The subsequent stage in the overall process involves tag reading, which can be executed through either DNA amplification in conjunction with DNA sequencing or DNA sequencing alone. One of the fundamental techniques involves the amplification of DNA strands through conventional DNA amplification, applying two primers, followed by sequencing. Ultimately, the sequence derived from the tag can be decoded and transformed into information.