Fig. 5: Interfacial and structural analysis of the cycled electrode.

a Atomic ratios of the SEI at different sputter time with the PVMS-15 electrolyte. b TOF-SIMS depth profiles of the secondary ion fragments and 3D view (c) in the formed SEI by PVMS-15 electrolyte. Surface SEM images of the cycled Li metal using the PVDF (d) and PVMS-15 (e) electrolytes. f 3D AFM image of the roughness and Young’s modulus tests of cycled Li metal when using the PVMS-15 electrolyte. Nanostructure of the cycled NCM811 when using the PVDF (g) and PVMS-15 (h) electrolytes. i XRD spectra of the cycled NCM811 cathodes.