Fig. 6: Simulated and experimental voltage transfer curves (VTCs) of inverters.

a–c Circuit diagrams and optical images of the PEL, LEL, and DL inverters. Simulation and experimental measurements of (d, e) VTC of PEL and LEL inverters, with VDD of 1.5 V and VBias varying from 1.5 to 3 V and f VTC of DL inverter with VDD varying from 1 to 3 V.