Table 2 Current symptom profile and health-related quality of life of participants by COVID-19 history (n = 242,712)

From: Long-term health impacts of COVID-19 among 242,712 adults in England

 

No COVID No. (%)

Asymptomatic or resolved short COVID < 4 weeks No. (%)

Resolved short COVID ≥ 4 to < 12 weeks No. (%)

Resolved persistent COVID

Ongoing persistent COVID

≥12 to < 52 weeks No. (%)

≥52 weeks No. (%)

≥12 to < 52 weeks No. (%)

≥52 weeks No. (%)

N = 242,712

109,186 (45·0)

117,022 (48·2)

7510 (3·1)

2323 (0·96)

898 (0·37)

2551 (1·1)

3222 (1·3)

Health Status*

 Good

83,200 (76·3)

94,643 (80·9)

5386 (71·8)

1719 (74·1)

675 (75·3)

1421 (55·7)

1575 (49·0)

 Fair

21,337 (19·6)

19,146 (16·4)

1780 (23·7)

514 (22·2)

184 (20·5)

864 (33·9)

1204 (37·4)

 Bad

4537 (4·2)

3161 (2·7)

341 (4·5)

86 (3·7)

37 (4·1)

265 (10·4)

438 (10·4)

No. of current symptoms*

 Median (IQR)

2·0 (0, 5)

3·0 (1, 6)

4·0 (2, 8)

4·0 (2, 8)

4·0 (1, 7)

7·0 (4, 11)

8·0 (5, 12)

No. of symptoms at infection*

 Median (IQR)

··

7·0 (4, 11)

11·0 (8, 15)

11·0 (7, 15)

9·0 (5, 13)

11·0 (7, 16)

12·0 (8, 16)

Duration of COVID-19 symptoms* (weeks)

 Median (IQR)

··

1·1 (0·71, 1·6)

5·7 (4·4, 7·6)

18·4 (14·0, 26·1)

56·6 (53·4, 104·7)

31·0 (21·4, 41·0)

96·0 (80·9, 121·7)

 Range

··

0·0, 3·9

4·0, 11·9

12·0, 51·9

52·0, 142·4

12·0, 51·9

52·0, 157·0

Reduction in daily activities*

 A lot

10,115 (12·2)

8,959 (9·6)

875 (13·2)

294 (14·4)

104 (13·3)

650 (26·7)

984 (31·7)

 A little

37,430 (45·0)

45,344 (48·8)

3762 (56·9)

1132 (55·5)

392 (50·1)

1329 (54·6)

1619 (52·2)

 No

34,685 (41·7)

37,424 (40·3)

1884 (28·5)

593 (29·1)

277 (35·4)

421 (17·3)

443 (14·3)

 Don’t know

995 (1·2)

1,62 (1·4)

95 (1·4)

22 (1·1)

9 (1·2)

34 (1·4)

56 (1·8)

1Dyspnoea 12

 Total Score, median (IQR)*

9·0 (4, 16)

8·0 (4, 14)

9·0 (5, 16)

8·0 (4, 14)

7·0 (4, 16.5)

12·0 (6, 19)

13·0 (7, 20)

 Physical Score, median (IQR)*

7·0 (3, 11)

6·0 (3, 10)

7·0 (4, 11)

6·0 (3, 10)

6·0 (3, 11)

8·0 (5, 12)

9·0 (5, 13)

 Affective Score, median (IQR)*

2·0 (0, 5.5)

1·0 (0, 5)

2·0 (0, 6)

2·0 (0, 5)

1·0 (0, 5)

3·0 (1, 7)

4·0 (41, 8)

2PEM Questions (Yes)

 Worsening of fatigue after minimal physical effort*

13,622 (42·0)

17,387 (41·6)

1,21 (51·8)

560 (49·7)

218 (55·5)

1183 (70·3)

1684 (74·9)

 Worsening of fatigue after minimal mental effort*

11,481 (35·2)

18,111 (43·0)

1,93 (54·2)

633 (56·2)

209 (52·5)

1141 (67·5)

1532 (69·7)

 Exercise makes fatigue symptoms worse*

13,465 (44·1)

16,627 (42·4)

1,89 (52·0)

528 (49·6)

177 (50·6)

1080 (69·1)

1536 (72·6)

Sleep Quality (0=worse)

 Median (IQR)*

7·0 (5, 8)

7·0 (5, 8)

6·0 (5, 7)

6·0 (4, 7)

6·0 (5, 8)

5·0 (4, 7)

5·0 (4, 7)

EQ-5D-5L

 EQ5D Visual Analogue Scale, mean (SD)*

78·4 (18·0)

78·6 (17·2)

74·1 (18·7)

74·2 (18·3)

75·5 (18·9)

66·5 (20·4)

64·7 (21·1)

 Mobility problems*

29,751 (27·3)

24,522 (21·0)

2113 (28·1)

643 (27·7)

236 (26·3)

1034 (40·5)

1503 (46·7)

 Self-care problems*

9468 (8·7)

6997 (6·0)

683 (9·1)

209 (9·0)

85 (9·5)

417 (16·4)

664 (20·6)

 Usual activities problems*

31,546 (28·9)

29,816 (25·5)

2843 (37·9)

860 (37·0)

305 (34·0)

1475 (57·8)

2042 (63·4)

 Pain/discomfort*

59,027 (54·1)

59,494 (50·8)

4625 (61·6)

1411 (60·7)

512 (57·0)

1833 (71·9)

2438 (75·7)

 Anxiety/depression*

39,704 (36·4)

46,450 (39·7)

3908 (52·0)

1189 (51·2)

420 (46·8)

1633 (64·0)

2108 (65·4)

 EuroQL-5D Utility Index, mean (SD)*

0·87 (0·17)

0·89 (0·14)

0·84 (0·17)

0·85 (0·17)

0·86 (0·17)

0·78 (0·21)

0·75 (0·22)

 PHQ-9 > = 10*

13,538 (13·6)

16,374 (15·6)

1697 (25·6)

515 (25·4)

159 (20·5)

932 (43·5)

1222 (45·9)

 GAD-7 > = 10*

8815 (8·6)

11,154 (10·3)

1120 (16·2)

345 (16·4)

109 (13·6)

584 (25·7)

732 (26·1)

  1. Unweighted survey data. Percentages calculated by category after exclusion of missing data. p values show an association of COVID-19 status with outcome. PHQ-9=Patient Health Questionnaire-9. PHQ-9 score was calculated by assigning scores of 0-3 to response categories for 9 questions. PHQ-9 score ≥10: sensitivity 88% / specificity 88% for major depression. GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale. GAD-7 score was calculated by assigning scores of 0-3 to response categories for 7 questions. GAD-7 score ≥10: sensitivity 89% / specificity 82% for GAD. 1 Only those reporting shortness of breath asked Dyspnoea-12 questions. Dyspnoea-12 is a patient reported outcome measure (PROM) of 12 questions assessing breathlessness severity. Scores 0-36: higher scores = greater severity of breathlessness; 2 Only those reporting mild or severe fatigue asked PEM questions. EQ5D Visual Analogue Scale is a PROM recording patient’s self-rated current health status. Scores 0 (worst possible) to 100 (best possible). EQ-5D-5L is a five-dimension PROM recording a patient’s self-rated health state for mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. These scores are then mapped to a UK-specific Utility Index anchored at 1 for “perfect health” and 0 for “dead” calculated from reported EQ5D-5L scores across the five dimensions. A χ² test (two-sided) was used to identify differences in proportions across COVID-19 categories. For normally distributed continuous data, analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) was used to test differences across categories, with Kruskal-Wallis tests used for non-normally distributed data. No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons. *P < 0·0001 (exact P-values: health status P = 0.00003, current symptoms P = 0.0000001, symptoms at infection P = 0.000008, symptom duration P = 0.00009, reduction in activities P = 0.00002, Dyspnoea-12 total P = 0.00003, Dyspnoea-12 physical P = 0.00005, Dyspnoea-12 affective P = 0.00002, PEM 1 P = 0.000007, PEM 2 P = 0.000005, PEM 3 P = 0.000008, sleep P = 0.00009, EQ5D Visual P = 0.000006, mobility P = 0.0000005, self-care P = 0.00000003, activities P = 0.00000001, pain/discomfort P = 0.0000006, anxiety/depression P = 0.0000009, EQ5D Index P = 0.00000001, PHQ-9 P = 0.0000007, GAD-7 P = 0.0000002)
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