Fig. 6: Biocompatibility analysis of LMMSR and drug capsule delivery demonstration in an ex vivo porcine stomach.

A Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showing the endocytosis of EGaIn-5% FPA (20 mM) microparticles by HEK293 cell, where purple areas represent the free liquid metal microparticles. B Cell viability of HEK293 and 3T3 cells cultured with EGaIn-5% FPA (20 mM) microparticles at various concentrations for 24 h. All values represent the mean ± SD for n = 8 independent experiments. C The concentrations of heavy metals measured from the supernatant of HCl solution (0.1 M) containing EGaIn-5% FPA (20 mM) as a function of time. The values were obtained by the average number of 2 independent experiments. D Illustration showing the magnetic manipulation of LMMSR in an ex vivo porcine stomach under the real-time guidance of endoscope. E Sequential snapshots and illustrations showing the drug capsule delivery process using LMMSR, which is divided into three stages, i.e., climbing, transporting, and drug release. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.