Fig. 3: Device performance of blue (EL peak at 493 nm) and green (EL peak at 515 nm) PeLEDs.

a Energy level diagram for different component layers in PeLED. The energy levels of blue and green perovskites were acquired from our previous work (ref. 5) and Supplementary Fig. 12, respectively. b Atmospheric ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy spectra indicating VBM/HOMO levels of NiOx, NiOx/SAM and PVK. c Hole-only devices with the structures of ITO/NiOx/(SAM)/PVK (DMSO washed)/MoO3/Ag. Current density–voltage curves (dotted lines) and luminance–voltage curves (solid lines) of the best (d) blue and (g) green PeLEDs with and without SAM. Current density–EQE curves of the best (e) blue and (h) green PeLEDs with and without SAM. Statistical EQEs of 20 (f) blue and (i) green PeLEDs with and without SAM. j Summary of selected device performances of blue (EQE > 5% and luminance >1000 cd m−2) and green (EQE > 15% and luminance >10,000 cd m−2) PeLEDs published in the past 4 years (2019–2023). Data are from refs. 3, 4, 51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86.