Fig. 1: BAT mitochondrial cristae remodeling and associated changes in proteomes during cold-induced thermogenesis.

a Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showing mitochondrial remodeling in the wild-type brown adipose tissue (BAT) upon cold exposure for different times (n = 3 mice per group; scale bars, 2 µm; diagram created with BioRender.com). b Quantification of mitochondrial morphological changes in (a) (n = 35 images for 30 °C; n = 47 images for 6 h on 6 °C; n = 47 images for 6 h on 6 °C; n = 65 images for for 24 h on 6 °C; n = 50 images for 3 d and 7 d on 6 °C; 3 mice were used at each time point; number of mitochondria counted in 30 °C, and 6 h, 24 h, 3 d, 7 d on 6 °C: 539, 909, 2133, 1047, 1041; mean ± s.e.m). c Experimental workflow for the study of BAT mitochondrial proteomics of mice upon cold exposure for different times (LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; diagram created with BioRender.com). d Heatmap of differentially expressed mitochondrial protein expression level in BAT upon cold exposure for different times (n = 3 mice per group; one-way ANOVA; differential expression was determined using a cutoff significance level of P < 0.05). e Gene Ontology (GO) cellular component analysis of differentially expressed proteins (Fisher’s Exact test; P values were adjusted by Benjamini–Hochberg method). f GO biological process analysis of differentially expressed proteins from the subset of mitochondrial inner membrane in (e) (Fisher’s Exact test; P values were adjusted by Benjamini–Hochberg method). g Heatmap of differentially expressed proteins of cristae formation, mitochondrion organization, and mitochondrial fusion. h Immunoblotting and quantification analysis of OPA1 (n = 3 mice per group; mean ± s.e.m). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.