Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of a chronological adhesive hydrogel patch (CAHP) for synergistic cardiac mechanophysiological monitoring and electrocoupling therapy.

Chronological adhesion is mediated by interfacial dynamic covalent/noncovalent interactions between functionalized polyaniline (f-PANi) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), achieving molecule-invasive strong adhesion to the myocardium while resisting adhesion to nontarget tissues. CAHP can be used for cardiac mechanophysiological monitoring and simultaneous electrocoupling treatment of MI in rats.