Fig. 3: Cumulative incidence curves stratified by participant characteristics.

Cumulative incidence of first infection stratified by age at baseline, for P. malariae (n = 1518; <5 years: n = 296, 5–14 years: n = 470; 15+ years: n = 752 at risk at baseline) in blue (a), P. ovale spp. (n = 1557; <5 years: n = 301, 5–14 years: n = 498; 15+ years: n = 758 at risk at baseline) in red (b), and P. falciparum (n = 1081; <5 years: n = 238, 5–14 years: n = 260; 15+ years: n = 583 at risk at baseline) in yellow (c). Cumulative incidence of first infection stratified by sex, for P. malariae (n = 1518; female: n = 840, male: n = 678 at risk at baseline) in blue (d), P. ovale spp. (n = 1559; female: n = 858, male: n = 701 at risk at baseline) in red (e), and P. falciparum (n = 1081; female: n = 618 male: n = 463 at risk at baseline) in yellow (f). p-values are calculated from log-rank testing. Shading depicts 95% CIs around incidence estimates. CI confidence interval.