Fig. 1: Profiling of aescin and aesculin-related compounds in different organs of A. chinensis during development.

A Phenotypes of leaf (L), flower (F), branch (B), pericarp (P), and seed (S). B LC–MS analysis shows absolute quantification of protoaescigenin (1), escin Ia (2), escin Ib (3), esculetin (4), and aesculin (5) in leaf, branch, flower, pericarp, and seed of A. chinensis. The data are presented as means values ± s.d. (n = 3 biologically independent samples). Different letters represent significant differences (P < 0.05) between means according to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) combined with Duncan’s multiple range test. C MALDI-MSI Image and optimal micrograph of the cross-section of the capsule, including cotyledon, testa, and pericarp. Ion image of 2 or 3 (m/z 1169.5152) in the cotyledon of A. chinensis are presented. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.