Fig. 4: Charging curve for the Li∣∣LMNO cell at 10.25 mA g−1 (C/15) and strain maps of the measured particle collected during operando diffraction microscopy. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Charging curve for the Li∣∣LMNO cell at 10.25 mA g−1 (C/15) and strain maps of the measured particle collected during operando diffraction microscopy.

From: Defects and nanostrain gradients control phase transition mechanisms in single crystal high-voltage lithium spinel

Fig. 4

Each d-spacing map corresponds to a point along the charging curve when it was collected and an average d-spacing of the crystal (\({\overline{d}}_{400}\)) at this point of charging (presented above the maps). For LMNO, the first voltage plateau at 4.7 V (marked by orange arrows) corresponds to the Ni2+/3+ redox couple and Li1 ⟶ Li0.5 phase transition (a). The second voltage plateau at 4.75 V (blue arrows) corresponds to the Ni3+/4+ couple and Li0.5 ⟶ Li0 phase transition (b). The dotted lines represent the outline of the particle taken from image 10. Evolution of the d400 histogram of the particle during charging (c). Several histograms are omitted for clarity (full figure is presented in Supplementary Fig. 16).

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