Fig. 3: Suppression of Warburg effect by insulin treatment in STAM mice. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Suppression of Warburg effect by insulin treatment in STAM mice.

From: Gut insulin action protects from hepatocarcinogenesis in diabetic mice comorbid with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Fig. 3: Suppression of Warburg effect by insulin treatment in STAM mice.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

GO TRRUST analysis performed through microarray analysis of 3 groups (a, n = 3 for each group). Western blotting analysis of liver tissue at 9 weeks of age (b). The experiments were repeated independently at least twice. Relative mRNA expression level of Pkm2 in liver at 9 weeks of age (c). Non-treated STAM mice (STAM-NON) n = 5, insulin-treated STAM mice (STAM-INS) n = 4, phlorizin-treated STAM mice (STAM-PHZ) n = 4, *P < 0.05. 2-sided unpaired t test (c). The index calculated by hepatic accumulation of succinate (Suc), fumarate (Fum), malate (Mal), acetyl CoA (AcCoA), citrate (Cit), cis-aconitic acid (Cis-Aco) (d). The values are presented by ratio. DIO n = 3, STAM-NON n = 3, STAM-INS n = 3, STAM-PHZ n = 3, assessed as representative samples by CE-TOF/MS, Hepatic accumulation of 2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (e). Hepatic accumulation of malonyl CoA (f). DIO n = 3, STAM-NON n = 3, STAM-INS n = 3, STAM-PHZ n = 3, assessed as representative samples by CE-TOF/MS, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA, with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (e, f). Values of the data are expressed as mean ± SEM (c, d, e, f). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. The exact P values are provided in Supplementary Data 3 unless they are below 0.0001.

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