Fig. 1: Synthesis and characterization of Ni-pPD@rGO nanosheets.

a Synthesis route of Ni-pPD@rGO nanosheets using the oxygenated functional groups as the catalytic sites for the reaction. b STEM-EDX mapping shows the uniform distribution of C, Ni, and N on Ni-pPD@rGO nanosheets. HAADF (c) and HRTEM (d) images of Ni-pPD@rGO nanosheets illustrating the distribution of 2D Ni-pPD nano-islands on rGO nanosheet microstructure. e DFT simulation shows the optimized structure of Ni-pPD@rGO nanosheets, demonstrating that Ni-pPD tends to be planarized by rGO through π–π stacking.