Fig. 4: Spatial analysis of immune and structural cells in COVID-19 lungs.

a Schematic representation of the sequential spatial analysis of cellular co-location, starting with quadrat correlation matrix (QCM), then cross pair correlation function (cross-PCF) analysis, interrogation of cross-PCF output and organization according to main questions. QCM output is provided in Supplementary Fig. 8. b. g(r = 20) heatmaps showing statistically significant correlated pairs of cells derived from QCM and cross-PCF analysis (see Methods for full description). n = 479,349 single cells from n = 12 COVID patients’ lung sections (n = 26 ROIs); in total, n = 144,937 cells in ALV, n = 146333 in DAD and n = 163,506 in OP. Red boxes indicate groups of cell subsets from the same immune phenotype—neutrophils (Group 1), monocytes and macrophages (Group 2), CD3 T cells (Group 3) and MAIT cells (Group 4).