Fig. 1: Systemic and lung mucosa antibody responses following vaccination and infection or vaccination alone.

A Schematic of study groups depicting SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, sample collection per group and immunological parameters analysed. Pre-pandemic controls (n = 11), infection-naïve vaccinated individual (uninfected vaccinated group, n = 9) and vaccinated individuals with exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (infected vaccinated group, n = 22). Different colours used to depict convalescents with asymptomatic or symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. B–E Levels of IgG against Spike (B and D) and RBD (C and E) in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of control (n = 11), vaccinated (n = 9) and infected vaccinated donors (n = 22). F, G Levels of IgA against Spike (F) and RDB (G) in BAL fluid of control (n = 11), vaccinated (n = 9) and infected, vaccinated donors (n = 22). Antibody levels are expressed as arbitrary units (AU). The limit of assay sensitivity (LOS) per antigen is depicted with dotted black line. Homologous vaccination with ChAdOX1_S or mRNA vaccine is depicted with an open or close circle, respectively and heterologous vaccination with semi-full circle. Data are presented as median values and interquartile ranges (IQRs). Statistical differences were determined by Kruskal-Wallis test following correction for multiple comparisons. Adjusted p values are shown. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.