Fig. 1: Establishment of developmental and external datasets for ESD surgical phase recognition. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Establishment of developmental and external datasets for ESD surgical phase recognition.

From: Intelligent surgical workflow recognition for endoscopic submucosal dissection with real-time animal study

Fig. 1

a Illustration and definition of the four surgical phases: Marking, Injection, Dissection and Idle. Examples of start and end frames are provided in Supplementary Fig. 2. b Phase annotation examples of surgical videos. c The statistical numbers of four annotated frames in our developmental training data and external validation data, and the corresponding violin plot on the distribution of annotated frames. The box indicates the median as a white point in the box and excludes the upper and lower 25% (quartiles) of data, and the whiskers extend to the extrema (Developmental data n = 47 cases; External data n = 15 cases). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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