Fig. 3: Experimental results on validation dataset with different surgeons and skills.

a Phase recognition accuracy of AI-Endo on n = 15 validation ESD cases conducted by different surgeons. Each bar represents one case; b Proportion of phase duration and frequency of phase transition (orange-colored timestep) for surgeons A, B, and C; c Illustration of different dissection tools used in developmental data and external data from different surgeons and skills; d Line-assisted traction tool used in external data of ESD traction technique. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.