Fig. 3: Pure error signals in higher auditory RPB.

a Representative epi-fluorescence image of the lateral belt and parabelt in the right hemisphere. Green dots indicate AAV-injected sites. Similar images were obtained in the total 25 sessions from two animals. b Response maps for five pure tones (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 kHz). Rightmost image, the best frequency map. For each pixel of 256 × 256-pixel regions, the color of the corresponding BF and amplitude was assigned. Black lines indicate the outer lines of an imaging window or putative contours of the sub-regions of the auditory cortex. c Representative epi-fluorescence image of the left auditory cortex including the lateral belt and parabelt. Green dots indicate AAV-injection sites. White lines indicate the outer lines of the imaging window or putative contours of the auditory sub-regions. Similar images were obtained in the total 25 sessions from two animals. d Representative trial-averaged response maps of the lateral belt and parabelt in oddball (top) and many-standards (middle) paradigms with a 16 kHz tone (upper and middle row) and corresponding deviance detection (bottom). The pixel size was down-sampled to 16 × 16 pixels. In the deviance detection map, the pixels with less than half of the maximum response are set to the same deep blue color. White lines indicate the outer lines of an imaging window or putative contours of the sub-regions of the auditory cortex. The animal was the same as in (c). e Representative trial-averaged deviance detection map at 400 ms after the tone onset for 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz tone frequencies recorded on different days. The animal was the same as in (c). f Session-averaged time courses of calcium responses to the 100-ms tone in the oddball (orange) and many-standards (blue) paradigms in the deviant tone-responsive RPB regions (n = 25 sessions from two animals). Shading on each line indicates SEM. g Session-averaged time courses of LFP responses to the 100-ms tone in the oddball (orange) and many-standards (blue) paradigms that were recorded from the superficial layer in the dMMN paradigm in each sub-region (left; n = 9 penetrations [sessions] for ML/CL, middle; 9 for RPB, and right; 10 for CPB). The animal was the same as in (c). Shading on each line indicates SEM. h Averaged LFP amplitude (during 0–200 ms after the tone onset) in the standard paradigm with SOA of 550 ms (orange) and 350 ms (green). *P < 0.05, the first tone vs. the second and subsequent tones (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two-sided, FDR-adjusted). The baseline amplitude was subtracted, and vertical lines indicate SEMs. For each SOA of 550 and 350 ms, n = 15 from two animals; n = 3 at 2 kHz, 4 at 4 kHz, 6 at 8 kHz, and 2 at 16 kHz.