Table 1 Participant characteristics

Characteristic	Controls	BPD	t	p
Age	35 (9.4)	35 (4.7)	0.056	0.96
Weight [kg]	85 (13)	86 (9.8)	0.25	0.80
Height [cm]	180 (5.5)	170 (4.7)	−3.2	0.0053
BMI	26 (3.6)	30 (3.3) 1	2.3	0.044
Consumed caffeine	12/16	8/8	—	0.26
Is smoker	1/16	4/8	—	0.028
Actigraphy acrophase [hr]	16 (1.5)	16 (2.3)	0.056	0.96
Actigraphy amplitude	1.2 (0.35)	1.1 (0.45)	−0.86	0.41
Actigraphy MESOR	2.6 (0.25)	2.5 (0.24)	−0.79	0.45
Actigraphy time-in-bed [hr]	8.0 (1.7)	7.3 (1.5)	−0.85	0.41
Sleep duration [hr/day]	7.1 (0.67) 4	7.2 (1.1)	0.38	0.71
Sleep quality [PSQI]	5.1 (2.6)	6.5 (3.4)	1.0	0.33
Exercise [hr/week]	5.7 (4.9) 4	6.4 (9.8)	0.20	0.85
Body weight acrophase [hr]	24 (2.5)	25 (2.0)	1.0	0.32
Body weight diurnal amplitude [kg]	0.65 (0.29)	0.65 (0.48)	0.029	0.98
Body weight MESOR [kg]	86 (13)	88 (13)	0.41	0.69
Young Mania Rating Scale	—	1.0 (1.5)	—	—

Continuous data are summarized as ‘mean (SD) #missing’ and were tested for group-wise differences between control (n = 16) and BPD participants (n = 8) with a two-sided Welch’s two sample t test, while binary outcomes were tested with a two-sided Fisher’s exact test with uncorrected p-values reported. Consumed caffeine: the participant consumed some caffeine (coffee, tea, soda) at various times and amounts during the on-site portion of the study. Is smoker: participant was a smoker/vaper; none consumed nicotine during the 24 hr scanning session. Exercise and sleep duration were self-reported. Weight diurnal oscillation parameters were estimated for each subject with a S-cosinor model (Methods). Actigraphy-based subject-specific diurnal parameters were estimated from log transformed actigraphy step data and average recorded total daily time-in-bed was obtained directly (Supplementary Fig. 5; Methods).
BPD participants with bipolar disorder, MESOR midline estimating statistic of rhythm, PSQI Pittsburgh sleep quality index.

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